Read Transport in plants III : intracellular interactions and transport processes - J Brachet; U Heber; C R Stocking file in PDF Online

Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, 1976. Document Type: Book All Authors / Contributors: J Brachet; U Heber; C R Stocking Find more information about: J Brachet U Heber C R Stocking ISBN: 0387078185 9780387078182 3540078185 9783540078180 OCLC Number: 2943061 Description: xxii, 517 pages : illustrations. Contents: I. Membrane Structure.- Plant Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of Membranes.- 2.1 Choice of Tissue.- 2.2 Identification of Specific Membranes.- 2.2.1 Microscopy.- 2.2.2 Histochemical Staining.- 2.2.3 Marker Enzymes.- 2.2.4 Antibodies.- 2.3 Tissue Disruption.- 2.4 Membrane Isolation.- 3. Membrane Composition.- 3.1 Membrane Carbohydrates.- 3.2 Membrane Lipids.- 3.3 Membrane Proteins.- 4. Specific Membranes.- 4.1 The Plasmalemma (Plasma Membrane).- 4.1.1 Morphology.- 4.1.2 Chemical Composition.- 4.2 The Nuclear Envelope.- 4.2.1 Morphology.- 4.2.2 Chemical Composition.- 4.3 Plastid Membranes.- 4.3.1 Morphology.- 4.3.1.1 General.- 4.3.1.2 Proplastids.- 4.3.1.3 Etioplasts.- 4.3.1.4 Amyloplasts.- 4.3.1.5 Chromoplasts.- 4.3.1.6 The Higher Plant Chloroplasts.- 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of the Chloroplast Envelope.- 4.4 Mitochondrial Membranes.- 4.4.1 Morphology.- 4.4.2 Chemical Composition.- 4.5 Other Membranes in Plant Cells.- 4.5.1 The Microbody Membrane.- 4.5.2 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- 4.5.3 The Golgi Apparatus Membranes.- 4.5.4 The Vacuolar Membrane.- 4.5.5 The Spherosome Membrane.- 5. Membrane Models.- 5.1 The Lipid Bilayer Model.- 5.2 The Unit Membrane Model.- 5.3 Subunit Models.- 5.4 The Lipid-Globular Protein Mosaic Model.- 6. Membrane Structure and Solute Transport.- 6.1 Membranes with Hydrophilic Pores.- 6.2 Carriers and Ionophores.- 6.3 Bridging Proteins Acting as Channels through Membranes.- References.- II. Intracellular Interactions.- 1. Interactions between Nucleus and Cytoplasm.- 1. Old Theories and Present Ideas about the Biochemical Role of the Cell Nucleus.- 2. Experimental Approaches to the Study of Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions.- 2.1 Work on Intact Cells.- 2.1.1 Autoradiography.- 2.1.2 Studies on Chromatin and DNA in Intact Cells.- 2.2 Work on Anucleate Fragments of Unicellular Organisms, Eggs, and Cells.- 2.3 Biochemical Work on Isolated Organelles.- 3. Discussion of Some Recent Experimental Results.- 3.1 Work on Intact Cells.- 3.1.1 Autoradiography.- 3.1.2 Role of the Nuclear Membrane in Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions.- 3.1.3 Choice by the Cytoplasm between DNA Replication and Transcription.- 3.1.4 Effects of the Plasma Membrane on Nuclear Activity.- 3.2 Studies on Anucleate Fragments of Unicellular Organisms, Eggs, and Cells.- 3.2.1 Acetabularia.- 3.2.1.1 Introduction.- 3.2.1.2 Production and Distribution of Morphogenetic Substances.- 3.2.1.3 Energy Production, Circadian Rhythms.- 3.2.1.4 Chloroplastic and Cytoplasmic Protein Synthesis.- 3.2.1.5 Nucleic Acid Synthesis.- 3.2.1.6 Cytoplasmic Effects on the Nucleus.- 3.2.2 Protozoa.- 3.2.3 Eggs.- 3.2.3.1 Sea Urchin Eggs.- 3.2.3.2 Other Eggs.- 3.2.4 Mammalian Cells.- 3.2.4.1 Reticulocytes.- 3.2.4.2 Cells Enucleated with Cytochalasin B.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 2. Plastids and Intracellular Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of the Experimental Study of Metabolite Translocation in Chloroplasts.- 3. Methods.- 3.1 Distribution in vivo.- 3.1.1 Nonaqueous Techniques.- 3.1.2 Aqueous Separation.- 3.2 Distribution in vitro.- 3.2.1 Centrifugal Filtration.- 3.2.2 Chromatographic Analysis.- 3.3 Indirect Methods.- 3.3.1 Shortening of Induction and Reversal of Orthophosphate Inhibition.- 3.3.2 Catalysis by Intact and Ruptured Chloroplasts.- 3.3.3 Osmotic Volume Changes.- 3.4 Other Aspects of Work with Functional Chloroplasts.- 4. The Site of Sucrose Synthesis.- 5. Starch Synthesis.- 6. The Stimulation of Starch Synthesis in the Light by Exogenous Sugars.- 7. Starch Prints.- 8. The Transport of Metabolites and Coenzymes.- 9. The Transport of Cycle Intermediates.- 9.1 3-Phosphoglycerate and the Triose Phosphates.- 9.2 Pentose Monophosphates.- 9.3 Hexose and Heptose Monophosphates.- 9.4 Sugar Bisphosphates.- 9.4.1 Ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RBP).- 9.4.2 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(FBP) and Sedoheptulose-l,7-bisphosphate(SBP).- 10. Free Sugars.- 11. C02/Bicarbonate.- 12. Carboxylic Acids.- 12.1 Glycollate and Glyoxylate.- 12.2 Malate and Oxaloacetate.- 13. Amino Acids.- 14. Orthophosphate.- 15. Inorganic Pyrophosphate.- 16. ADP and ATP.- 16.1 Direct Transfer.- 16.2 The Evidence in Favour of Rapid Direct Transfer.- 16.3 The Evidence against Rapid Direct Transfer.- 17. NADP.- 18. Shuttles.- 18.1 The PGA/DHAP Shuttle.- 18.2 The Malate/Oxaloacetate Shuttle.- 19. Specific Transport.- 19.1 ATP Transport.- 19.2 Dicarboxylate Transport.- 19.3 Phosphate Transport.- 20. The Movement of Metabolites in C4 Photosynthesis.- 21. The Movement of Protons and Magnesium.- 22. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3. Metabolite Carriers of Chloroplasts.- 1. Specific Transport into the Chloroplast.- 2. The Phosphate Translocator.- 3. The Dicarboxylate Translocator.- 4. ATP Transport in Chloroplasts.- References.- 4. Compartmentation and Transport in C4 Photosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Radiotracer Kinetics and Compartments.- 3. Inter- and Intracellular Compartmentation of Reactions.- 3.1 Methods.- 3.2 Activities of Isolated Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells.- 3.3 C4 Pathway Enzymes and Their Intercellular Distribution.- 3.4 Intracellular Location of Enzymes.- 3.5 Detailed Schemes for C4 Photosynthesis.- 4. Intercellular Transport in C4 Photosynthesis.- 4.1 Structural Features of the Mesophyll-Bundle Sheath Cell Interface.- 4.2 Intercellular Transport of Metabolite Solutes.- 4.3 Intercellular Transport of CO2 HCO3?: the CO2 Concentrating Mechanism.- 4.4 Amino Group and Charge Balance during Intercellular Transport.- 5. Intracellular Transport in C4 Photosynthesis.- 5.1 Intracellular Transport in Mesophyll Cells.- 5.2 Intracellular Transport in Bundle Sheath Cells.- 5.3 Organelle Ultrastructure in Relation to Intracellular Transport.- 6. Metabolite Transport in Relation to Chloroplast Photochemical Activities.- 7. Physiological Function of Compartmentation and Transport in C4 Photosynthesis.- References.- 5. Interactions among Organelles Involved in Photorespiration.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 2.1 Measurement of Photorespiration.- 2.1.1 Definitions.- 2.1.2 CO2 Gas Exchange.- 2.1.3 Estimates of Photorespiration by Leaf Models.- 2.1.4 Estimates of Carbon Flux through the Glycolate Pathway.- 2.2 Isolation of Leaf Peroxisomes and Other Cell Organelles.- 3. Glycolate Metabolism and Its Intracellular Compartmentation.- 3.1 Biosynthesis of Glycolate in Chloroplasts.- 3.2 The Glycolate Pathway and Peroxisomes.- 3.3 The Interconversion of Glycine and Serine in the Mitochondria.- 3.4 Glycerate and Its Relationship to Phosphoglycerate.- 4. Glycolate Metabolism in C4-plants, CAM Plants, and Algae.- 4.1 Glycolate Metabolism in C4-plants.- 4.2 Glycolate Metabolism in CAM Plants.- 4.3 Glycolate Metabolism in Algae.- 4.4 Glycolate Metabolism in Blue-Green Algae.- 5. The Transport of Metabolites between Cell Organelles during Glycolate Metabolism.- 5.1 Transport of Glycolate Pathway Intermediates between Peroxisomes, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria.- 5.2 Sites of CO2 Evolution and O2 Uptake during Photorespiration.- 5.3 Insignificance of the Glycolate-Glyoxylate Shuttle.- 5.4 The Malate-Aspartate Shuttle.- 6. The Magnitude of Photorespiration with Respect to the Glycolate Pathway Metabolism and Metabolite Transfer.- 6.1 Gas Exchange.- 6.1.1 Effects of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.- 6.1.2 Effects of Light and Temperature.- 6.1.3 Effects of External Factors on the Gas Exchange of C4-plants.- 6.1.4 The Specific Activity of the 14CO2 Evolved in the Light and in the Dark.- 6.2 Carbon Flux through the Glycolate Pathway.- 6.2.1 C3-plants in Air.- 6.2.2 C3-plants in a Medium with Low Oxygen.- 6.2.3 C4-plants in Normal and Low Oxygen.- 6.2.4 Carbon Fluxes and Enzyme Activities.- 6.3 The Function of Light Respiration.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Transport of Metabolites between Cytoplasm and the Mitochondrial Matr.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Mitochondria.- 3. Functional Organization of Mitochondrial Metabolism.- 4. Transport of Adenine Nucleotides.- 5. Transport of Inorganic Phosphate.- 6. Transport of the Intermediates of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.- 7. Transport of Glutamate and Aspartate.- 8. Transport of Pyruvate.- 9. Transport of Phosphate and of Carboxylates in Plant Mitochondria.- 10. Uptake of Fatty Acids.- 11. Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH by Mitochondria.- 12. On a Possible Role of Mitochondrial Transport in Lipogenesis.- 13. Conclusion.- References.- 7. Interactions between Cytoplasm and Vacuole.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vacuoles as Repositories of Substances.- 2.1 The Internal Environment of the Cytoplasm.- 2.2 Methods Used for Evaluating Vacuolar Compartmentation of Substances.- 2.2.1 Isolation of Vacuoles.- 2.2.2 Stepwise Extraction of Cells.- 2.2.3 Indirect Evidence from Isotope Kinetics.- 2.2.4 Electron Microscopy, Autoradiography, Electron Microprobe.- 2.2.5 Direct Microscopic Observations.- 2.3 Substances Present in Vacuoles.- 2.3.1 Metabolic Intermediates.- 2.3.2 Reserve Substances.- 2.3.3 Secondary Product of Metabolism.- 2.3.4 Inorganic Substances.- 2.4 Mechanisms of Transport in Vacuoles.- 2.4.1 Transport of Ions.- 2.4.2 Accumulation of Products of Secondary Metabolism.- 3. Vacuoles as Digestive Compartments.- 3.1 Hydrolases Localized in Vacuoles.- 3.1.1 Remarks on Methods Employed.- 3.1.2 Vacuoles as Lysosomes.- 3.2 Autophagy.- 3.2.1 Turnover.- 3.2.2 Mechanisms of Autophagy.- 3.2.3 Heterophagy.- 3.2.4 Autolysis.- 3.2.5 Digestive Processes in Plant Development.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8. Interactions among Cytoplasm, Endomembranes, and the Cell Surface.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Surfaces and Expansion Growth.- 3. Role of the Soluble Cytoplasm (Cytosol).- 3.1 Biosynthetic Role of the Cytosol.- 3.2 Guide Elements of the Cytosol.- 3.3 Milieu for Biosynthesis and Transformation (Zones of Exclusion).- 4. Role of Internal Membranes.- 4.1 Role in the Biosynthesis, Assembly, Transformation, and Transport of Membranes.- 4.1.1 The Endomembrane System.- 4.1.2 Membrane Differentiation.- 4.1.3 Membrane Flow.- 4.2 Role in the Biosynthesis, Assembly, Transformation, and Transport of Products for Secretion to the Cell's Exterior.- 4.2.1 Cell Walls.- 4.2.2 Slimes and Mucilages.- 4.2.3 Essential Oils.- 4.2.4 Encrusting Materials.- 4.2.5 Dilute Secretions Containing Lipids, Sugars, Mucilages, and Salts.- 4.2.6 Digestive Enzymes.- 4.2.7 Water Expulsion.- 4.3 Role in the Biosynthesis, Assembly, Transformation, and Transport of Products among Internal Compartments.- 4.3.1 Vacuoles.- 4.3.2 Vacuole Membranes.- 4.3.3 Vacuole Contents.- 5. Role of the Cell Surface.- 5.1 Role of the Plasma Membrane in Cell Wall Formation.- 5.2 Plasmodesmata.- 5.3 Role of Cell Walls in Cell Wall Formation.- 6. Specializations in the Formation of Plant Cell Surfaces.- 7. Summary.- References.- III. Intracellular Transport in Relation to Energy Conservation.- 1. Ion Transport and Energy Conservation in Chloroplasts.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of H Uptake in Chloroplasts.- 2.1 H Uptake in the Absence of Permeating Electron Donors or Acceptors.- 2.2 H Uptake in the Presence of Permeating Electron Donors or Acceptors.- 3. Counter Ion Fluxes.- 4. The Magnitude of the Electrochemical Gradient.- 4.1 The H Concentration Gradient.- 4.2 The Membrane Potential.- 5. Relation of H Movements to Phosphorylation.- 6. Relation of the Rate of Electron Flow to H Movements.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 2. Ion Transport in Plant Mitochondria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monovalent Salt Transport.- 2.1 Monovalent Cation and Anion Transport in Plant Mitochondria.- 2.2 Chemiosmotic Theory of Ion Transport.- 2.3 Mechanism of Salt Flux.- 2.4 Monovalent Cation Transport with Ionophorous Antibiotics.- 2.5 Substrate Transport into Mitochondria.- 3. Divalent Cation Transport.- 3.1 Divalent Cation Transport in Plant Mitochondria.- 3.2 Theories of Ca2 Transport in Animal Mitochondria.- 3.3 Regulation of Ca2 Flux.- 3.4 Role for Mitochondria in the Transport and Regulation of Ca2 .- References.- 3. Energy Transfer between Cell Compartments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Exchange of Energy between Mitochondria and Cytoplasm.- 3. Exchange of Energy between Chloroplasts and Cytoplasm.- 3.1 Evidence for Energy Exchange between Chloroplasts and Cytoplasm.- 3.1.1 Active Uptake of Sugars and Ions.- 3.1.2 Transient Changes of Intracellular Adenine Nucleotide Levels.- 3.2 Direct Translocation of Adenine Nucleotides across the Chloroplast Envelope via Adenine Nucleotide Translocator.- 3.3 Indirect Transport of Energy across the Chloroplast Envelope via Shuttle Systems.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- IV. Theory of Membrane Transport.- Mass Transport across Membranes.- 1. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport.- 1. 1 Introduction.- 1.2 Transport of Nonelectrolytes.- 1.2.1 Description of the Membrane System.- 1.2.2 Entropy Balance.- 1.2.3 Energy Balance.- 1.2.4 Mass Balance.- 1.2.5 Entropy Production.- 1.2.6 Linear Laws.- 1.2.7 Linear Laws for Dilute Solutions.- 1.2.8 Influence of Nonpermeable Components.- 1.3 Transport of Nonelectrolytes with Chemical Reaction.- 1.3.1 Description of the Membrane System.- 1.3.2 Mass Balance.- 1.3.3 Entropy Production.- 1.3.4 Linear Laws.- 1.3.5 Active Transport.- 1.4 Transport of Electrolytes.- 1.4.1 Description of the Membrane System.- 1.4.2 Entropy Balance.- 1.4.3 Energy Balance.- 1.4.4 Mass Balance.- 1.4.5 Entropy Production.- 1.4.6 Generalization.- 1.4.7 Linear Laws for Dilute Solutions; Special Case.- 1.5 Summary.- 2. Transport Processes across Membranes with Narrow Pores.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Transport Equations.- 2.3 Equilibrium at the Phase Boundary Membrane/Solution.- 2.4 Integration of the Transport Equations.- 2.4.1 Bulk Phases of Equal Composition.- 2.4.1.1 Electroosmotic Volume Flow.- 2.4.1.2 Electric Conductivity.- 2.4.1.3 Electric Transference.- 2.4.1.4 Streaming Potential.- 2.4.2 Bulk Phases of Different Composition.- 2.4.2.1 Approximate Integration of the Transport Equations (Constant Field Assumption).- 2.4.2.2 Unidirectional Flows and Flow Ratio.- 2.4.2.3 Membrane Potential.- 2.4.2.4 Osmotic Properties.- 2.5 Summary.- List of Symbols.- References.- Author Index. Series Title: Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new series, v. 3. Responsibility: edited by C.R. Stocking and U. Heber ; contributors, J. Brachet [and others].